Kimiyyar Sararin Samaniya a Sawwake (5)

Ci gaban fassarar littafin Dakta Adnan Abdulhamid mai suna: “Why Astronomy?”

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Shi dai Malam Ali dan asalin kasar Pakistan ne, kuma Allah ya hore masa tsarin karantarwa mai matukar kayatarwa.  Mutum ne mai kimanin shekaru hamsin, kuma kwararre ne a fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya.  Na fa’idantu da ilmi mai dimbin yawa ta hanyar karantarwarsa.  Har yanzu kuma ina tuna hujjoji guda biyar tare da hotunan zanen misalai da ya karantar da mu masu nuna cewa lallai wannan duniya tamu kamar kwallo take.

Daga cikin hotunan misalai da ya bamu wanda kuma har yanzu ban mancewa, akwai wanda daya daga cikin malaman Girka mai suna Eratosthenes ya zana don auna fadin wannan duniya tamu, ta amfani da fannin auna kusurwa (Trigonometry).

Malam Ali ya bamu labarin wannan bawan Allah mai suna Eratosthenes wanda ya auna fadin wannan duniya, tare da rana, da kuma wata.  Ina iya tuna awon da aka yi don gano fadin wannan duniya tamu.  Ya sanar da mu cewa Eratosthenes ya rayu ne a birnin Alezandariyya ta kasar Masar, tsakanin shekarar 276 – 196 BC.  Eratosthenes ya gano cewa tsakanin birnin Alezandariyya da birnin Aswan (Syene) akwai tazarar nisan da ya kai fadin filayen kwallon kafa guda 5,000. Rana ta kan karkata daidai inda babbar rijiyar birnin Aswan (Syene) da ke yamma da birnin Alezandariyya take ne, a duk tsakiyar yini. Haka kuma ya lura wannan karkata nata na raguwa wasu lokuta da adadin tazara bakwai da digo biyu a ma’aunin fadin kasa (7.2°). Wannan ta sa Eratosthenes ya lura cewa, idan aka mike adadin tazarar fadin filayen kwallon kafa guda dubu biyar (5,000 stadia), daura da shacin kusurwa mai adadi bakwai da digo biyu a ma’aunin fadin kasa (7.2°), sannan a ninka wannan adadi sau dari uku da sittin a ma’aunin fadin kasa (360°), za a samu adadin fadin wannan duniya tamu.  Sai kawai Eratosthenes ya shirya wannan ma’auni kamar haka: (5,000/7.2) x 360 = 250,000.  Sakamakon wannan lissafi ya nuna cewa za a samu nisan tazarar filayen kwallon kafa guda 250,000 kenan.  Nan take sai Malam Ali ya zana mana hoton wannan misali a allon rubutu don mu fahimci tsarin sosai.

Sai bayan lokaci mai tsawo na ci karo da wani littafi da Emiliani ya rubuta. A cikin wannan littafi ne na ga irin ma’aunin da Malam Ali ya yi amfani da shi wajen shekaru goma sha biyar da suka wuce. A cikin wannan littafi ne har wa yau na dada fahimtar cewa, babban filin wasan mota jiki guda daya, shi ne daidai da nisan kafa 600 a ma’aunin girka, wanda kuma ya yi daidai da mita 157.2 a ma’aunin zamani na Standard International (SI Unit) (shafi 78-9).  Wancan adadi na fadin filin wasan kwallon kafa 250,000 da Eratosthenes ya binciko a zamaninsa, idan muka ninka shi zuwa adadin mita 157.2 da Emilian ya bayyana a littafinsa, zai bamu fadin kilomita 39,000 kenan. (wato: 250,000 x 157.2 meter = 39,000km).

A daya daga cikin darussansa kuma, Malam Ali ya karantar da mu cewa, daga cikin shahararrun masana fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya da Kimiyyar Kasa a karnin Musulunci akwai Abdur-Rahman ibn Khaldun.  Amma abin mamaki, har na gama karatun Jami’a, ban taba jin an ambaci sunansa ba sai a ajin da aka karantar da mu Ilmin Zamantakewar Jama’a (Sociology). Masana fannin Ilmin Zamantakewar Jama’a duk sun yarda cewa Ibn Khaldun na daya daga cikin wadanda suka samar da wannan fanni a farko. Emile Durkaime, daya daga cikin shahararrun malamai a wannan fanni dan kasar Faransa, wanda kuma yayi aikin karantarwa a Jami’ar Sorbonne da ke kasar Faransa, bai samu shahara ba a fannin sai da ya karanta littafin Ibn Khaldun mai suna Muqaddima, wanda Taha Hussein ya fassara zuwa harshen faransanci.

Ni kaina sai cikin ‘yan kwanakin nan na karanta littafin Muqaddima, wanda Franz Rosenthal ya fassara zuwa harshen Turanci a shekarar 1978.  A cikin littafin ne na kara fahimtar cewa, bayan Eratosthenes da ya yi kokarin auna fadin wannan duniya tamu, Ibn Khaldun ma ya yi irin wannan kokari.  Kuma duk da cewa ma’aunan da suka yi amfani da su wajen wannan lissafi sun sha bamban, amma sakamakon da suka fitar a karshen awon nasu duk daya ne.

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Ibn Khaldun ya yi amfani ne da ma’aunin fadin kasa na 360°, inda kowane digiri guda ya yi daidai da parasang 25, kuma kowane parasang guda daya a matsayin zira’i 12,000 (12,000 cubits) yake, kuma zira’i 4,000 daidai yake da tsawon yatsun hannu 24. Kowane yatsa daya kuma daidai yake da tsawon kwayar alkama guda shida a jere.  Don haka, sakamakon da Ibn Khaldun ya fitar bayan awon da yayi, daidai yake da wanda Eratosthenes ya fitar (dubi Rosenthal, 1978: shafi 49 – 53), duk da bambancin da ke tsakanin ma’aunansu.  Rubuce-rubucen Ibn Khaldun na da alaka ta kai tsaye da rubuce-rubucen malaman Girka.

Rubuce-rubucen Ibn Khaldun sun samo tushe ne daga mahangar musulunci, duk da yake akwai wani bangare da ke dauke da ilmin falsafan girkanci.  Domin a wurare da yawa yana yin ishara zuwa ga Ptolomy cikin bayanansa.  Shi Ptology daya ne daga cikin manyan masana fanni Ilmin Sararin Samaniya na daular Girka, wanda kuma ya fito daga birnin Alezandariyya.  Ya yi rayuwa ne tsakanin shekarun 127 – 150 CE.  Sannan shi kanshi Ibn Khaldun ya ambaci yadda aka yi har ilmin falsafan girkanci ya garwayu da na Larabawa (Musulmai), inda yake cewa:

Ilmin kimiyyar al’ummar Girka ya shigo mana ne ta hanyar kokarin da Sarki Ma’moon yayi wajen fassara su (zuwa harshen larabci). Ya kuma samu cin nasara kan wannan aiki ne saboda mallakar kwararru masu aikin fassara da yayi, ya kuma kashe dukiya mai dinbin yawa wajen wannan aiki.” (Rosenthal, 1978: 39)

Duk da cewa Ilmin Sararin Samaniya mai asali daga Girka ya shigo cikin daular larabawa, amma su ma sun yi kokari wajen habaka fannin kimiyya ta hanyar tunani da haza karsu.  Daga cikin wadanda suka taimaka gaya wajen habaka fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya a daular larabawa kuwa akwai Ya’qub ibn Is’haq al-Kindi, da Al-Mas’oodi, da Ibn Rushdi, da kuma Muhammad al-Idrisee. Wanda ya fara tsara hoton sifar duniya (Earth’s Spheroid) shi ne Al-Idrisee.  Shi ne kuma wanda ya samar da gamammniyar taswirar duniya (Globe) ta farko, a bisa umarnin Sarkin birnin Sicily na biyu, wato Roger II (Al-Faruqi, 1986: 334).

Bigiren Duniya a Sararin Samaniya

Bayan adadin duniyoyin da ake da su, har wa yau Malam Ali ya karantar da mu bigiren da wannan duniya tamu take, da kuma tsarin shawaginta a sararin samaniya.  Ya ce tsarin sulmuya da shawagin da take yi a gewaye da rana ne ke haddasa tsawon yini da dare, da tsawon kwanakin shekara, da kuma bambancin yanayi a wannan duniyar da muke ciki.

Ya sanar da mu cewa wannan duniya tana gama cikakken gewaye daya ne daga bigiren da take, a cikin awanni ashirin da hudu; daga hagu zuwa dama.  Sannan sai ta yi ta sulmuya cikin falakinta na tsawon kwanaki 365¼, a cikin shekara daya.  Malam Ali ya ci gaba da cewa, wannan shawagi da take yi ne ke haddasa sauyin yanayin dare da yini, sulmuyan da take yi kuma ke haddasa sauye-sauyen yanayi.  Ya kuma ambata mana gudunmawar da yawa daga cikin malaman Ilmin Sararin Samaniya wajen samar da wannan mahanga ta ilmi.  Musamman gudunmawar Heracleides (388 – 315 BC), wanda ya ayyana cewa wannan duniya tana shawagi ne daga gabas zuwa yamma, inda take tafiyan fadin digiri 15 (15°) a duk cikin awa guda.

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