Kwamfuta da Bangarorinta (1)
A yau kuma ga mu dauke da bayanai, a takaice, kan kwamfuta da manhajojinta. Duk da yake wannan shi ne abin da ya kamata a ce mun fara dashi, amma dokin sanin Intanet da karikitanta ne suka shagaltar da mu. Don haka tunda mun kawo wani matsayi ko mataki wajen sanin hakikanin Intanet da yadda ake tafiyar da rayuwa a kanta, dole mu koma tushe, ko mazaunin da wannan fasaha ke dogaro wajen aiwatar da dukkan abin da za mu ci gaba da kawo bayanai kansu. Wanann ya sa za mu yi bayani kan Kwamfuta, ita kanta, da kuma ruhin da ke gudanar da ita. Na tabbata daga lokacin da mai karatu ya karanta wadannan bayanai, insha’Allahu zai samu sauyin mataki, wajen fahimtar darussan da za su biyo baya. Mu je zuwa, wai mahaukaci ya hau Kura.
Shimfida
Kafin in ce komai, zan fara neman gafara daga wadanda suka aiko mani da wasiku don neman bayanai, wanda kuma har ya zuwa wannan lokaci da nake wannan rubutu, ban basu amsa ba. Hakan ya faru ne saboda zirga-zirga da nayi ta yi cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata, sanadiyyar jarrabawa da kuma tafiya da nayi zuwa birnin Ikko (Lagos). Zan aiko da wadannan sakonni cikin yardan Ubangiji, sai dai maimakon in aika musu kai tsaye, zan rubuto amsoshin gaba daya don kowa ya karu dasu, don sun shafi kasidar wannan mako ne. Don haka a gafarce ni.
Kwamfuta
Kwamfuta na’ura ce mai aiki da kwakwalwa, wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai, a sigogi daban-daban. Wannan shi ne ta’arifin kwamfuta a takaice. Bayan haka, kwamfuta na tattare ne da manyan bangarori guda biyu; bangaren gangan jiki, wanda aka fi sani da Hardware, a turance. Sai kuma bangaren ruhi ko rai, wanda ake kira Software, shima a turance. Kafin mu yi nisa, mai karatu zai ji ana fassara kalmomin turancin nan, sabanin yadda zai gansu ko yake ganinsu a cikin kamus (Dictionary). Hakan ya faru ne saboda a yanzu muna cikin wani zamani ne mai suna “turban masana”, ko Information Highway, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a kasidar Matambayi Ba ya Bata. A wannan zamani, kalmomin harsunan duniya za su yi ta sauyawa ne iya gwargwadon fannin ilimi ko rayuwar da ake amfani da su. Don haka sai a kiyaye.
To, duk da yake mun ce wannan kasida a kan Manhajan kwamfuta ne kawai, da yadda suke taimakawa wajen tafiyar da kwamfutar, zai yi wahala mu takaitu a hakan, ba tare da shigar da bayanai kan gangar-jikin kwamfutar ba. Tun da gangar-jikin ne ke rike da dukkan komai. Don haka, a yanzu ga takaitaccen bayani kan yadda gangar-jikin kwamfuta yake.
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Gangar-jikin Kwamfuta (Hardware)
Wannan shi ne kwarangwal din da mai karatu ke gani, ma’ana karikitai ko komatsen da suka hadu suka zama kwamfuta, a bayyane. Sun hada da talabijin kwamfutar, wato Monitor, shi ne mai kama da TV da muke dasu a gidajenmu. Aikinsa shi ne nuna ma mai karatu sakamakon aiki ko nau’in mu’amalan da yake yi da asalin kwamfutar. Sai kuma allon shigar da rubutu, wato Keyboard, wanda ke taimakawa wajen shigar da bayanai. A samansa akwai dukkan haruffan da kake bukata wajen shigar da bayanan – daga bakake zuwa lambobi. Bayan wannan sai beran kwamfuta, wato Computer Mouse, wanda mai karatu zai yi saurin sabawa dashi; karami ne, dan kumbul, mai dadin mu’amala wajen haurawa ko gangarowa daga shafin da ake ciki; da kuma matsa rariyar likau ko mashigin da mai lilo da tsallake-tsallake ke son shiga, a gidan yanan sadarwa.
Dukkan wadannan kayayyaki guda uku da aka ambata, dole a hada su da asalin kwamfutar, mai kama da akwati, wacce ake kira CPU. Ita ce tafi dukkan sauran nauyi, kuma tana hade ne da sauran ta hanyar wayoyi da ake jona ma CPU din ta baya; don kowanne daga cikinsu na da nashi ramin da aka tanada masa. Wannan abin da ya shafi kwamfuta kenan ta bangaren ganganjiki na waje. Amma da zarar ka bude kowanne daga cikinsu, babu abin da za ka gani sai wayoyi da karfuna da robobi da kuma ‘yan kananan gilasai masu haske. Wadannan ayayyaku duk ana kiransu Microchip. Har wa yau, akwai cibiya guda, wacce aikinta shi ne taimakawa wajen wadatar da wutar lantarkin da kwamfutar ke bukata. Wannan cibiya ita ake kira Transistor.
A daya bangaren kuma, dukkan wadannan karikitai da bayanansu suka gabata a sama, idan aka hada su a matsayin kwamfuta, suna da bangare uku. Bangaren farko shi ake kira Arithmetic and Logic Unit. Aikin wannan sashe shi ne sarrafa bayanai na abin da ya shafi lissafi da kuma tunanin kwamfuta. Akwai lokuta da za ka taba wani abu a jikin kwamfuta misali, sai ka ga ta aiwatar da wani aiki cikin gaggawa. Umarni ne maginin manhajarta ya bata, cewa, “duk lokacin da abu kaza ya zama kaza”, ko kuma “duk lokacin da aka bude abu kaza, ki rufe abu kaza ko bude kaza.” Wannan na bukatar tunani, wajen sanin me aka yi, kuma me ya kamata in yi, a misali. Duk kwamfuta na dauke da wannan fanni a Arithmetic and Logical Unit. Daga nan sai Control Unit, sashen da ke lura da hada kan bangarorin da ke karban umarni daga mai mu’amala da kwamfuta.
Misali, idan na budo allon rubutu, wato Word, na kwafi abin da ke jiki bayan na rubuta. Sai kuma na budo allon lissafi wato Excel, na zuba abin da na kwafo daga allon rubutu, bangaren Control Unit ne ke da hakkin sadar da wadannan ayyuka tsakanin manhajojin biyu. Sai kuma sashe na karshe, wato Memory Unit, bangaren da ke adanawa da kuma mika dukkan bayanan da ke cikin kwamfuta. Idan mai karatu bai mance ba, a farko na bayar da ta’arifin kwamfuta da cewa: na’ura ce mai aiki da kwakwalwa wajen karba da sarrafawa da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai. . . To, bangaren da ke lura da adanawa da kuma mika bayanai shi ne ake kira Memory Unit. Ya kasu kashi biyu; akwai bangaren da ke dauke da tabbataccen ruhin kwamfuta, da kuma bangaren da ke lura da ruhin wucin-gadi na kwamfuta. Kada mai karatu ya damu, zai samu bayanai gamsassu a gaba.
A yanzu wadannan su ne bangarorin kwamfuta, a bayyane. Duk da muhimmancinsu, idan babu bangare na biyu, wato ruhi, karikitan banza kawai aka tara. Bayan su akwai abin da ake kira Peripherals ko kuma Auxiliaries. Wadannan su ne manne-mannen da ake ma kwamfuta don ba ta damar aiwatar da wasu ayyukan muhimmai, akwai irin su na’urar buga bayanai, wato Printer da dai sauransu.
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