Masu Lura da Fasahar Intanet a Duniya

Mukaddima

Hakika na san mai karatu zai yi mamakin ganin wannan take a kasidar wannan mako, bayan a kasida ta farko an sanar dashi cewa babu wata kasa ko kungiya a duniya da ke da ikon “mulkiya” da Intanet.  To yanzu me ya kawo maganan “shugabanni” ko “shugabanci” kuma a duniyar Intanet?  Wannan tambaya ce mai kyau.  Kuma sanadiyyar tambayoyi makamantan wannan ne naga dacewan kawo wannan kasida, don mai karatu ya san hakikanin wadanda ke tafiyar da wannan fasahar sadarwa ta Intanet; ta yaya kowane gidan yanar sadarwa ya mallaki jerin adireshinsa?  Wa ke lura da k’a’idojin da ke tafiyar da Intanet (Internet Protocols)?  Duk wadannan, idan mai karatu bai sansu ba, suna samuwa ne ta dalilin wasu masu sha’awa da kishin yaduwan wannan fasaha a duniya.  Wadannan mutane ba wasu bane face masu amfani da Intanet, wadanda sanadiyyar hadewarsu waje guda don tabbatar da wadannan tsare-tsare ne suka zama kamar “shugabanni na nadin kai” a wannan fage.  Manya daga cikinsu sune:

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Wannan kungiya ce da ke da rassa da dama, kuma an kirikiro ta ne tun shekaran 1984.  Daga cikin rassanta akwai Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), da Internet Research Task Force (IRTF).  Babban hadafin wannan kungiya shi ne ingantawa da kuma habbaka fasaha da ka’idojin da Intanet ke gudanuwa akansu, wato Protocols and Standard Specifications.

Wannan kungiya “hadaka” ce ta masu harkan kimiyyan kwamfuta da kayayyakin sadarwa.  Ba ta da rajista da gwamnatin wata kasa, kuma tana gudanar da dukkan ayyukanta ne ta hanyar shawarwarin gungun masana ko kwamitoci da ta kafa, wato Working Groups.  A halin yanzu akwai kwamitoci irin wannan sama da dari, wadanda babban aikinsu shi ne samar da sabbin hanyoyin fasaha na inganta magudanar Intanet a duniya. Kowa da kowa na iya zama mamba, kuma ba a biyan kudin rajista balle “Kudin Laraba.”  A matsayinka na mai sha’awan fasahar sadarwa ta Intanet, kana iya zama mamba, ka ba da shawarwarinka na abin da ya shafi inganta shi (Recommendations).  Shi wannan gungu na masana zai yi nazari kan shawarwarinka, daga nan ya tura ma sauran mambobi.  Da zarar an samu amincewan mafi yawancinsu (Concensus), sai kawai a tabbatar da su.

Mambobin wannan kungiya na gudanar da mafi yawancin ayyukansu ne ta hanyar wasikar sadarwa, wato Imel, in ka debe ‘yan tarurrukan da suke yi a shekara, wanda a nan ake samun ‘yan kudaden da ake gudanar da gidan yanar sadarwan kungiyar da sauran aikace-aikace.  Kuma duk da yake akwai wasu kungiyoyi dake da ra’ayi irin nata, wannan kungiya a yau ta wayi gari kamar uwa ne ga kashin bayan Intanet.  Don neman karin bayani, za ka iya ziyartan zauren gidan yanar sadarwanta da ke http://www.ietf.org.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Farfesa Tim Bernes-Lee, “Baban Intanet”, shi ne ya kirkiro wannan kungiya cikin shekarar 1994, ta hadin guiwa da wasu cibiyoyin fasaha dake kasashen Siwizalan (Switzerland) da Faransa (France) da kuma Jafan (Japan).  Kamar wacce ta gabace ta ne, wannan kungiya ta W3C ita ma tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne ta hanyar kwamitoci da take kira “Working Groups”, kuma kowa na iya zama mamba, tunda mafi yawancin ayyukan kungiyar ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Imel.  Banbancinta da wacce ta gabace ta kawai shi ne; dukkan mambobi na taimakawa da kudade wajen ciyar da kungiyar gaba.  Hakan ya faru ne sanadiyyar yanayin ayyukan da take gudanarwa.

Wannan kungiya babban hadafinta shi ne inganta fasahan Gina Gidan Yanar sadarwa (Web Designing Technology).  Kuma daga shekaran da aka kafa ta zuwa yau, ta samar da ka’idojin tsara gidan yanar sadarwa sama da tamanin, wadanda a halin yanzu ake takama dasu ba wai wajen kayata gidajen yanar sadarwa kadai ba, har da wayar salula (handsets/cellular phones) irin na zamani, duk da ka’idojinta ake tsara su.  Don haka da zarar ka shiga zauren wasu gidajen yanan sai ka ga kamar bayanan da ke ciki zasu su maka magana; ga hotuna rau rau, ga wasu irin haruffa na kai da komowa (Animations).  Duk da ka’idojin wannan kungiya aka gina su.

Kamar IETF da ta gabace ta, masu samar da wadannan ka’idoji mambobinta ne, wadanda mafi yawancinsu  masana ne a harkan kwamfuta da manhajanta (Computer Programmers) – ba gama-gari ba – kafin sauran mambobin suyi nazari kansu, in da gyare-gyare a yi, in kuma babu sai a tabbatar da su.  A yanzu W3C tana da rassa goma sha hudu (14) da suka watsu a sauran jihohin duniya.  Tana kuma gabatar da taron ga-ni-ga-ka (Realtime Interaction) duk shekara.  Bayan haka, kusan dukkan kamfanonin kwamfuta da manhajojinta dake duniya (irinsu Microsoft, Linux, IBM, Cisco, Oracle dsr) na da rajista da wannan kungiya.  Babban Daraktanta, kamar yadda bayani ya gabata, shi ne “Baban Intanet” – Farfesa Tim Bernes-Lee.  Don samun cikakken bayani kan wannan kungiya, a ziyarceta a http://www.w3c.org.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN) 

Wannan kungiya an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1995, kuma tsarinta kusan iri daya ne da sauran biyun da suka gabaceta: ta Imel ake gudanar da mafi yawancin ayyukanta; tana da manyan rassa na “dillalai” (Registrars) guda hudu a jihohi hudu na duniya, wadanda a karkashinsu akwai kananan dillalai dari da ashirin (120) masu gudanar da ayyukanta. Sai dai sabanin sauran kungiyoyin da suka gabaceta, ICANN kungiya ce mai rajista kamar sauran kungiyoyin duniya.  Hakan ya faru ne saboda muhimmancin aikinta.  To mene ne aikin nata?

Babban aikinta shi ne lura da kuma yin rajistan sunayen/adireshin gidajen yanar sadarwa, wato Domain Name Registration.  Har wa yau, daga cikin ayyukanta akwai tabbatar da cewa duk wani gidan yanar sadarwa dake duniya, ko a wace kasa yake, adireshinsa daya ne tak, babu mai irin nashi – kamar dai lambar tarho.  Yanda abin yake shi ne, kowace kwamfuta tana da adireshinta, wanda gungu ne na lambobi, ba haruffa ba.  Don haka, abu ne mai wahala a ce sai ka haddace lambobin nan kafin ka ziyarci gidajen yanan nan da ke dauke cikin kwamfutocin.  Don sawwake wannan, da zarar ka tashi gina gidan yanar sadarwarka, sai kaje ICANN ta mayar maka da wadannan lambobi na kwamfutarka zuwa haruffan sunan da kake so.  Misali, lambar uwar garken da ke dauke da gidan yanar sadarwan mujallar “The Economist” dake Landan, shi ne: 207.87.8.50, amma sai ICANN ta mayar da su zuwa: economist.com.  Idan kana son ziyartan gidan yanan, maimakon ka yi ta hakilon haddace wadancan lambobi, sai kawai ka rubuta www.economist.com.

Bayan mayar da lambobin zuwa sunaye da ICANN ke yi, ta bullo da tsarin killace adireshin gidanjen yanar sadarwa hawa hawa, dabaka-dabaka, don samun saukin mu’amala.  Misali, kowane adireshin gidan yanar sadarwa ya kasu kashi biyu ne; da tozon adireshin (Top Level Domain – TLD), da kuma diddigensa (Lower Level Domain – LLD).  Dubi nan kasa:

www.gamji.com

Bangaren karshe daga dama (.com), shi ne tozon adireshin, wato Top Level Domain.  Bangaren (www.gamji) kuma shi ne diddigen.  To, a wasu lokuta za ka ga “.org” ko “.co.uk” ko “.gov” ko kuma “.net”.  wannan rabe-rabe ne da ICANN tayi don gane gidajen yanan gwamnati, da na ‘yan kasuwa da kuma na kungiyoyi da dai sauransu.  Ga misali nan kasa don mai karatu ya fahimci abin sosai:

 

L.	Dabaka	Nau’in Adireshi
1.	Harkokin Kasuwanci (Kamfanoni dsr)	.com
2.	Harkokin Kwamfuta da Hade-Hadensa	.net
3.	Bangaren Ilimi (Jami’o’i dsr)	.edu
4.	Harkokin Gwamnati (Musamman Amurka)	.gov
5.	Hukumomin Tsaro (Sojoji dsr)	.mil
6.	Kungiyoyin Kasashen Duniya	.int
7.	Kamfanonin Safaran Jiragen Sama	.aero
8.	Kwararru Kan Harkokin Rayuwa	.pro
9.	Kamfanoni ‘Yan Kasuwa	.biz
10.	Hukumomin Adana Kayayyakin Tarihi	.museum
11.	Duk wani dabaka wanda baya cikin wadanda aka zayyana a sama – Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu dsr.	.org

 

Na Kasashe

L.	Kasashe	Nau’in Adireshi
1.	Nijeriya	.ng
2.	Afirka ta Kudu	.za
3.	Jamus	.de
4.	Ingila	.uk
5.	Faransa	.fr
6.	Jafan	.jp
7.	Sin (China)	.cn
8.	Amurka	.gov

Nau’ukan wasu daga cikin adireshin kasashen duniya da sauran hukumomi

Asalin kamfanin da ke yin wannan aiki kafin kirkiro ICANN ita ce kamfanin Nework Solutions Inc da ke Amurka.  To amma bayan wasu ‘yan lokuta (1995) sai aka lura cewa kamfanin ta fara karban abin goro a hannun jama’a.  Don haka shugaba Bill Clinton (a wancan lokaci) ya rushe ta, ta hanyar mai bashi shawara kan harkan Intanet, wato Ira Magaziner.  A halin yanzu ICANN na da manyan dillalai (Registrars) a nahiyoyin duniya hudu (Amurka, Turai, Asiya, da Karibiyan).

Akwai dillalai sama da dari da ashirin (120) da ke yin wannan aiki a karkashin manyan dillalan nan hudu.  A yanzu hedikwatan wannan kungiya na Amurka ne, kuma shugabanta (Chairman) shi ne Vintan G. Cerf.  Don neman karin bayani, ga adireshin Gidan Yanar sadarwarsu nan: www.icann.org.

Kammalawa

Daga karshe, yana da kyau mai karatu ya fahimci cewa, wadannan kungiyoyi, duk da yake ayyukansu ya shafi rayuwar Intanet ne gaba daya, ba su kenan ba.  Akwai wasu da ke gudanar da ayyuka makamantan nasu.  Sai dai sune iyaye wadanda duniya ta sani, shi yasa suka fi shahara, kuma sauran ma da su suke dogaro ko hada guiwa.

A mako mai zuwa za mu kawo bayanai kan Manhaja da Masarrafan kwamfuta, wadanda sune ruhin kwamfuta gaba daya, kuma a kansu Fasahar Intanet ke rayuwa ko ya so ko ya ki.  Wannan zai zama shimfida ne ga cikakkun bayanan da zasu biyo bayansu kan hakikanin duniyar Intanet da harkokin da ake gudanarwa a ciki.  Kasidun da suka gabata (har da na wannan mako), dunkulallun bayanai ne kan Fasahar Intanet, nan gaba ne za mu shiga warwaro bayanai kan daya-dayan abubuwan da ke gudanuwa a wannan duniya.  Abin da mai karatu ke bukata kawai shi ne, yayi kokari ya kware wajen iya lilo da tsallake-tsallake a giza-gizan sadarwa ta duniya, don samun cikakken fahimta dangane da abubuwan da bayanai zasu zo kansu.