Assalamu alaikum Baban Sadik, barka da aiki. Kalmar “Hardware” da “Software” ya za mu fassara su da Hausa? Sannan kuma mene ne banbancin dake tsakanin “System software” da kuma “Application Software”? Muna godiya Baban Sadik da amsa mana tambayoyinmu da ake Allah Ya kara budi da basira. – Nasiru Kainuwa Hadeja.
Wa alaikumus salam, barka dai Malam Nasiru. Ina godiya matuka da sakonni da kuma addu’o’inku. Allah saka da alheri, amin.
Da farko dai, kalmar “Hardware” kalma ce ta Turanci, wacce a harshen fasahar sadarwa ta zamani a yau take nufin duk wani abin da za ka iya taba shi da hannunka, wanda ya danganci kwamfuta ko wayar salula, misali. A takaice dai kana iya kiranshi “gangar-jikin kwamfuta” ko wayar salula. Daga abin da ya shafi uwar kwamfutar (System Unit), zuwa beran kwamfuta (Mouse), da talabijin kwamfutar (Monitor), da allon shigar da bayanai (Keyboard), duk ana kiransu da “Hardware.” Misalinsu shi ne misalin gangar-jikin dan adam dake rayuwa. Ka ga akwai kafafu, da hannaye, da idanu da dai sauransu. Wadannan su ne gangar-jiki. A tsuransu su kadai ba sa iya aiwatar da komai sai ka hada su da bangare na biyu, wato ruhi kenan.
Bangaren ruhi shi ne abin da ake kira: “Software”, kamar yadda ka tambaya. Shi ne bangaren dake motsa gangar-jikin kwamfuta ko wayar salula, kamar yadda ka san ruhin dan adam ne ke motsa gangar-jikin wajen tafiyar da rayuwa. Mafi girman ruhin kwamfuta shi ne Babbar Manhajarta, wato: “Operating System” kenan. Wanda a baya mun gabatar da kasidu sama da shafuka 17 masu take: “Tsarin Babbar Manhajar Kwamfuta,” wanda kuma za ka iya samunsu a bangaren “Kwamfuta” dake shafin yanar sadarwa na musamman da na tanada don adana kasiduna, ta wannan adireshin: https://babansadik.com/category/kwamfuta.
Idan ka samu bangaren gangar-jiki baka samu bangaren ruhi ba, babu abin da zaka iya yi da kwamfuta ko wayar salula. Haka idan bangaren ruhi kadai ka samu babu gangar-jiki, kwamfuta bata iya maka komai. Dole sai ka samu dukkan biyun, cikin nagarta da tsari. A takaice dai, duk sadda kaji an ce: “Hardware”, to “Gangar-jikin” wata na’urar sadarwa ake nufi, bai tsayu ga kwamfuta ko wayar salula kadai ba. Sai in an danganta kalmar zuwa ga kwamfuta, kamar ace: “Computer Harfware”, ko “System Hardware”, to, a nan kadai za ka iya kebance ma’anarta ga kwamfuta. Haka idan kaji an ce: “Software” ma, tana nufin ruhin wata na’urar sadarwa ce, wato: “Manhaja” ko “Masarrafa” kenan. Ita ma bata takaitu ga kwamfuta ko wayar salula kadai ba, sai in an danganta kalmar ga kwamfuta, kamar ace: “Computer Software” ko “System Software.”
A wannan ya kawo mu ga kalmar “System Software” da “Application Software.” Duk da cewa, ta la’akari da yadda kayi tambayar, ga alama ka san ma’anoninsu, illa dai bambancin dake tsakaninsu ne kake son sani. Wannan bazai hana ‘yar takaiciyar bayani kan ma’anar kowacce daga cikinsu ba. Idan aka ce: “System Software,” ana nufin manhaja ce wacce aka gina ta don amfanin kwamfuta musamman. Misali, mafi girman manhajar kwamfuta ita ce “Babbar Manhaja”, wato: “Operating System” kenan. Ita ce ke kunna kwamfutar, ta kuma baiwa mai kwamfutar damar amfani da ita kanta manhajar, da kuma sauran manhajojin dake kan kwamfutar. Sannan tana baiwa mai kwamfutar damar mu’amala da wasu na’urorin sadarwa ta kwamfutar, irin su wayar salula, da ma’adanar bayanai kamar su “Flash Drive” da “External Hard Drive,” wadana ake iya makala wa kwamfutar don zubawa ko saukar da bayanai zuwa ko daga gare su.
Ita wannan babbar manhaja tana dauke ne da bangarori masu yawa, wadanda ake gina su a kebance, kafin hade su zuwa wuri daya don loda wa kwamfuta. A takaice dai idan kaji an ce: “System Software”, to, ana nufin manhaja ce ta musamman da aka gina ta don amfanin kwamfuta na musamman.
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A daya bangaren kuma, kalmar “Application Software” na ishara ne ga nau’ukan manhajoji da ake gina su don bai wa mai kwamfuta damar sarrafa bayanai dasu, ko aiwatar da wasu ayyuka na musamman wadanda zasu sawwake masa hanyoyin tafiyar da rayuwa. Misali, kamar irin su manhaja zana hotuna, da manhajar sauraron sauti, da manhajar kallon bidiyo, da manhajar lissafi, da manhajar hawa shafukan Intanet, da manhajar aikawa da karban sakonnin Imel, da manhajar sarrafa bayanai, duk wadannan ana kiransu “Application Software” ne. Domin an gina su ne don aiwatar da wani aiki na musamman ga mai mu’amala da kwamfutar.
Bambancin dake tsakanin “System Software” da “Application Software” dai shi ne: “System Software” manhaja ce da aka gina don amfanin kwamfuta, da tafiyar da rayuwarta gaba daya. Misali ita ce babbar manhaja, kamar yadda na ba da misali a sama. Idan babu wannan babbar manhaja, to, kwamfutar ma baza ta iya tashi ba. Wannan bai hana mai amfani da kwamfutar ya iya amfani da ita. A takaice dai, a kanta ne kowace irin manhaja ke iya rayuwa. Amma “Application Software” ita ana gina ta ne don amfanin mai kwamfuta na musamman. Ko babu ita kan kwamfuta, kwamfuta na iya aiwatar da rayuwarta babu matsala.
Misali, idan ka cire manhajar “Microsoft Office Word” daga kan kwamfuta, wannan bazai hana mata iya tafiyar da rayuwarta lami-lafiya ba. Sai dai wanda zai yi amfani da kwamfutar ne idan ya hau, bazai samu abin da yake bukata ba idan yana son taskance bayanai ko samar dasu.
Bambanci na biyu shi ne, kana iya gina manhaja nau’in “Application Software” da kowane irin yaren gina manhaja ne (wato: Programming Language), babu matsala. Amma ba da kowane irin yaren gina manhaja ake iya gina manhaja nau’in “System Software” ba. Domin yaren gina manhajar kwamfuta sun kasu kashi biyu: akwai wadanda ake iya gina manhajar “System Software” dasu kai tsaye, irin su: “Assembly Language”, da “C”, da “C++”, da “Objective-C” da sauran tsofaffin yaruka makamantansu. Wadannan su ake kira: “Low-Level Programming Languages.”
An kira su da wannan lakabi ne saboda su ne suke iya mika umarni kai tsaye zuwa ga na’urar sarrafa bayanai (System Processor) kut-da-kut. Shi yasa tsarin rubutunsu ke da tsauri, kuma ana daukan lokaci wajen tsarawa da hada bayanan kafin a mika wa kwamfuta ta sarrafa. Matakan da ake amfani dasu wajen yin hakan kuwa yana da tsayi, idan ka kwatanta su da na sauran yaruka da bayaninsu ke tafe.
Bangare na biyu su ake kira: “High-Level Programming Languages,” wadanda suke da karancin karfi da gaggawar isar da sako zuwa ga na’urar sarrafa bayanai dake kundun kwamfuta. Ire-iren wadannan yaruka dai sun hada da: “Java”, da “C#”, da “Basic” ko “Visual BASIC”, da “Ruby”, da “Python”, da sauran makamantansu. Su wadannan yaruka ne ‘yan bana-bakwai, wadanda karfinsu wajen isar da sako ga na’urar sarrafa umarni a kwamfuta bai kai na farkon ba. Da wadannan nau’ukan yaren gina manhaja za ka iya gina kowace irin manhaja ce kake bukata don amfani mutane, amma ga kwamfuta kam, sai wadancan tsofaffin.
Wannan, a takaicen takaitawa, shi ne abin da zan iya cewa a halin yanzu. Idan kana neman karin bayani kan masu gina kowanne daga cikin wadannan nau’ukan manhajar kwamfuta, kana iya ziyartar bangaren “Gina Manhaja” dake shafin TASKAR BABAN SADIK a wannan adireshi: https://babansadik.com/category/gina-manhaja.
Da fatan ka gamsu. Allah amfanar da mu baki daya, amin.
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