Tsarin Babbar Manhajar Android (3)

Ga kashi na uku cikin jerin kasidun dake nazari kan babbar manhajar Android. A sha karatu lafiya.

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Nau’ukan Android a Wayoyin Salula

Bayan bayanai da suka gabata kan nau’ukan manhajar Android dake na’urorin sadarwa mabanbanta, wannan sashe zai dubi nau’ukan manhajar ne dake kan wayoyin salula.  Shin, manhajar Android iri daya ce a dukkan wayoyin salula da ake sayarwa yanzu?  Nau’in manhajar Android dake wayoyin Tecno (ba zubin manhajar nake nufi ba, wanda bayaninsa ya gabata a baya), iri daya ce da wadda ke kan wayoyin kamfanin Samsung?  Wadda ke kan wayoyin LG, iri daya ce da wadda ke kan wayoyin Sony, misali?  Amsar ita ce: a a; nau’uka ne daban-daban.  Sai dai akwai abin da ya hada tsakaninsu, duk da cewa sun sha bamban ta bangarori da dama.  Domin idan ka dauki wayar Tecno mai dauke da Android, ka gwama abin da ke bangaren Menu dinta da ta kamfanin Samsung mai dauke da Android, za ka ga akwai banbanci.

Akwai nau’ukan manhajar Android guda biyu dake kan wayoyin salula dai a halin yanzu.  Nau’i na farko shi ne hakikanin babbar manhajar, kamar yadda aka gina ta ko ake kayatar da ita daga kamfanin Google ko Kungiyar Open Handset Alliance (OHA).  Wannan nau’i shi ake kira Android Open Source Project (AOSP).  Kuma shi ne nau’in da kamfanin Google ke fitarwa a dukkan wayoyinsa.  Idan kana son ganin nau’in manhajar Android ta asali, wacce babu gauraye a cikinta, to, ka samu wayoyin kamfanin Google masu suna Google Nexus; kowane irin nau’i ne kuwa.  Bayani kan yadda asalin manhajar yake kuwa yana tafe a sashen dake gaba.

Nau’in manhajar Android na biyu kuma shi ne wanda sauran wayoyin salula ke amfani dashi a kan wayoyinsu.  Shi ma ba wani abu bane daban, asalin wancan nau’in ne da bayaninsa ya gabata, sai kuma kare-kare da kamfanonin waya suke yi a kansa, don manufofinsu na kasuwanci.  Wannan nau’i shi kuma ya karkasu ne iya yawan kamfanonin dake dora Android a kan wayoyinsu.  Ma’ana, ba za ka taba samun wayoyin salula guda biyu masu dauke da manhajar Android masu siffofi iri daya ba, ta kowane bangare.  To meye abin da ya hada tsakaninsu, sannan me ya raba tsakaninsu?

Abin da ke hada tsakanin dukkan manhajojin Android dake wayoyin salula na duniya kuwa shi ne, asalin babbar manhajar daya ce.  Idan kamfanin Google ya kintsa manhajar ya fitar a wayoyinsa, sai sauran kamfanoni su karbi madarar babbar manhajar (Operating System Source Code) su ma su dora a kan wayoyinsu.  Idan ka shiga bangaren Settings dake kowanne za ka ga kusan daya ne.  Haka ma dabi’unsu wajen kunnawa da kashewa da mu’amala da fuskar wayar (User Interface), a wasu lokuta.  Wannan abin da ke hada tsakaninsu kenan.

A daya bangaren kuma, sauran kamfanonin waya idan suka karbi madarar babbar manhajar (Operating System Source Code), suna caccanza abubuwan da ake iya canzawa ne daga asali, zuwa abin da ya dace da manufofinsu na kasuwanci.  Shi yasa idan ka shiga bangaren Menu, za ka samu masarrafai (Apps) mabanbanta.  Na kamfanin Samsung sun sha banban da na kamfanin Sony.  Na kamfanin HTC sun sha banban da na kamfanin Tecno, da dai sauransu.  Kowanne daga cikin wadannan kamfanoni idan ka kunna wayarsa mai dauke da manhajar Android, rubutun da za ka fara cin karo dashi kafin wayar ta gama kunnuwa, sun sha banban nesa ba kusa ba.  Wannan shi ne abin da ya raba tsakaninsu.

Sauran kamfanonin waya suna gina wasu bangarori ne na musamman don kayatar da mai amfani da wayar.  Wadannan bangarori su ake kira Components a gamammen harshen fannin kimiyyar sadarwa na zamani.  Amma su kamfanonin waya suna da sunayen da suke ambaton wadannan kare-kare da suke wa asalin babbar manhajar.  Wasu kan kira su Overlays. Wasu su kira su Skins.  Wasu su kira su Add-ons.  Wasu kamfanonin kuma suna kiransu Mods.  Duk kalmomi ne dake ishara ga abu daya.

Kare-karen da kamfanonin waya ke yi ga asalin manhajar Android shi ne abin da ke banbanta nau’in Android da ke wayoyin kamfanin Google, a karon farko, sannan ya banbanta nau’in Android da wadannan kamfanoni suka cakuda, a tsakaninsu.  Wasu kare-karen da kamfanonin ke yi kadan ne. Ba ya wuce su kara kananan masarrafai da mai mu’amala zai yi amfani dasu wajen sauraren sauti ko bidiyo ko taskance hotuna ko kayatar da na’urar daukan hoto da gina mata hanyoyin daukan hoto daban-daban da dai sauransu.  Wasu kamfanonin kuma sukan jirkita manhajar ne gaba daya su mayar da ita wani abu daban, a ganin ido.  Idan ba kwararre bane kai a fannin sadarwa, zai yi wahala ka iya gane cewa manhajar Android ce.  Kamfanin da yayi fice a irin wannan aiki kuwa shi ne kamfanin HTC, musamman a wayarsa nau’in HTC One.  Ya jirkita babbar manhajar ne gaba daya, zuwa wani abu; saboda tsabar kyale-kyale, da kare-kare, da canje-canje, da shafe-shafe.

Sai dai kuma, duk wasu kare-karen da kamfanonin waya ke yi wa babbar manhajar Android, suna yin hakan ne tare da kiyaye ka’idar kungiyar Open Handset Alliance (OHA), wanda ke dauke cikin kundinta mai suna: Google Compatibility Test Suite (CTS).  Shi yasa, duk da canje-canjen da suke yi, za ka samu akwai masarrafan kamfanin Google idan ka shiga bangaren Menu.  Domin kamfanin Google ya haramta wa kamfanonin waya dora masarrafansa a kan wayoyinsu masu dauke da manhajar Android, muddin basu bi ka’idar dake cikin wannan kundi nasa ba.  Shi yasa idan ka samu na’urar sarrafa bayanai na kamfanin Amazon mai suna Amazon Kindle, ba za ka samu manhajar Google ko daya a kai ba – duk da cewa babbar manhajar Android ce akanta – saboda kamfanin Amazon bai bi ka’idar CTS ba wajen canje-canjen da yayi.  To amma tunda an ce babbar manhajar Android “kyauta ce,” ba za a hana shi amfani da ita ba.

Bangarorin Babbar Manhajar Android

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Kowace babbar manhajar na’urar sadarwa tana da bangarori ne daban-daban.  Idan masu karatu basu mance ba, a kasidarmu mai take: “Tsarin Babbar Manhajar Kwamfuta,” mun nuna cewa daga cikin bangarorin babbar manhajar kwamfuta, akwai bangaren dake lura da na’urar sarrafa bayanai dake cikin gangar-jikin kwamfutar, wato: “Processor,” sannan akwai bangaren dake karban umarni kai tsaye daga mai mu’amala da kwamfutar, wato: “User Interface” kenan.  Sai dai a bangaren babbar manhajar Android abin ya dan sha bamban, saboda sarkakiyar dake cikin tsarin, da kuma mahallin da ake tsammanin kasancewarta a ciki bayan gina ta, wato wayar salula kenan.

Babbar manhajar Android, ko Android Operating System, kamar yadda muke dauke da ita a kan wayoyinmu na salula, tana dauke ne da bangarori har guda hudu.  Wadannan bangarori duk da cewa suna dogaro ne da juna, amma tsarinsu ya sha banban.

Bangaren farko shi ne wanda ke can kasa; duk sauran bangarorin an gina su ne a samansa.  Wannan bangare kuwa shi ne asalin madarar babbar manhajar Linux, wato Linux Kernel kenan.  Babbar manhajar Linux daya ce daga cikin shahararrun manhajojin da kwamfutocin duniya a yau ke dauke dasu, kuma ana kididdige ta daga cikin mafi inganci.   Wadanda suka gina babbar manhajar Android sun zabi wannan babbar manhaja ce saboda saukin mu’amala da take dauke dashi; kowace na’urar sadarwa na iya daukan wannan babbar manhaja.  Na biyu, tana dauke da kariya (Security), ba irin babbar manhajar Windows ba.  Domin galibin kamfanonin duniya masu ta’ammali da bayanai masu dimbin yawa, da ita suke amfani a kwamfutocinsu.  Wannan bangare ne ke lura da dukkan mu’amalar da mai waya ke yi da babbar manhajar Android, da kokarin bashi kariya ko bayanan da yake mu’amala dasu.

Na uku, wannan babbar manhaja ta Linux tana da siffofi masu kayatarwa, musamman wajen manejin makamashi (Power Management), da agaza wa kwakwalwa da ma’adanar waya wajen manejin mahallin dake wayar (Memory Management), da ingancin siginar rediyo ko yanayin sadarwa da kuma ingantaccen tsarin samar da Intanet.  Wannan bangare na Linux Kernel, bangaren farko kenan, wanda ke can kasa.  Mai waya bazai taba ganin wannan bangare ba, idan ba kwararre bane shi a fannin sadarwa.  Ko a haka ma, sai ya yi amfani da wasu manhajoji na musamman kafin ya iya aiwatar da sadarwa da wannan bangare na babbar manhajar.  Amma ga wanda yake gama-gari, ba abin da ya shafe shi da wannan bangare.  An gina wannan bangare ne da dabarar gina manhajar kwamfuta mai suna “C Programming Language.”

Bangaren babbar manhajar Android na biyu shi ne wanda ke saman bangaren “Linux Kernel,” wato: “Native Layer.”  Wannan bangare mai suna “Native Layer” shi ne ke dauke da madaukan babbar manhajar. Abin da kalmar “Madaukai” ke nufi shi ne, bangarorin da babbar manhajar ta tanada don baiwa manhajojin da mai mu’amala da wayar ke amfani dasu damar taskance bayanansu.  Misali, akwai tsarin da babbar manhajar Android ke amfani dashi wajen baiwa wayar damar taskance bayanai, kafin mai waya ya bukace su.  Misali, idan ka tashi neman sunan abokinka dake wayarka, kakan shiga manhajar “Contacts” ne, ka zakulo sunan.  Asali wadannan sunaye ba a cikin manhajar “Contacts” suke ba; suna cikin rumbun adana bayanan da babbar manhajar ta tanada ne (ba ma’adanar waya irin su “Memory Card” ko “Phone Memory” nake nufi ba).

Wannan rumbun adana bayanai shi ake kira “Database.”  Tsarin da ke samar da wannan runbun bayanai kuwa shi ne: “SQLite.”  Kuma ire-irensa ne ke dauke a wannan mataki na biyu, wato: “Native Layer.”  Ire-iren wadannan tsare-tsare da ke wannan bangare na biyu, gaba dayansu, su ake kira “Android Libraries,” kuma an gina su ne da dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta masu suna: “C” da “C++” (C plus plus).

Sai bangare na uku, wanda ake kira: “Application Framework.”  Wannan bangare shi ne ke dauke da tsarin dake tafiyar da manhajojin da muke mu’amala dasu.  Misali, idan ka latsa tambarin manhajar “Message” don rubutawa da aika sakon tes, tsarin da ya zaburar da manhajar ta loda kanta daga ma’adanar waya inda take kwance, har ta bude don baka damar rubutu da aikawa, ana kiransa: “Activity Manager.”  Wannan tsari mai suna “Activity Manager” aikinsa ne zaburarwa (Initialising), da kunnawa (Starting), da dakatarwa (Pausing), da kashewa (Stopping), da kuma batar da kowace irin manhaja ko masarrafa (Destroying) dake wayarka.

Wannan tsari na aiwatar da aikinsa ne da zarar ka latsa manhaja ko alamar masarrafar da kake son budewa a shafin wayarka.  Yana da dabi’u guda biyar zuwa shida (irin su “Activity” da “Intent” da sauran makamantansu) wadanda ta hanyarsu yake aiwatar da wannan aiki.  Bayani na tafe kan tsarin “Activity Manager” da dabi’unsa, in Allah yaso.  A takaice dai, wannan tsari da sauran makamantansa, su ne a dauke a bangaren babbar manhajar Android na uku, wato: “Android Application Framework.”

Bangare na karshe shi ne mahallin da manhajojin mai waya ke gudanuwa a kai.  Wadannan su ne abubuwan da mai waya ke iya gani da zarar ya budo wayar; ya Allah a “Menu” ne, ko a “Settings” ne, ko a “Home Screen” ne ko kuma a “Notification Center” ne. A takaice dai, duk wani abin mai waya ke iya ganinsa da idonsa, har yayi mu’amala dashi a wayarsa, to yana dauke ne a wannan bangare na hudu, wanda shi ne a saman dukkan sauran bangarorin da bayanansu ya suka gabata. Wannan bangare shi ake kira “User Applications Layer,” kuma duk manhajojin da kake gani a nan, kashi 90 cikin 100, an gina su ne da dabarun gina manhajar kwamfuta mai suna “Java Programming Language.”  Misalinsu su ne: “Contacts,” da “Message,” da dai sauransu.  Wadannan ana kiransu “User Applications” kai tsaye.

Irin su lambobin waya kuma, da sakonnin tes da aka aiko maka, da hotunan dake jakar “Images” ko “ Pictures” dinka, da bidiyon dake dauke a manhajarka ta “Video” ko “Multimedia” suna dauke ne cikin wasu madaukai da ake kira “Android Components.”  Mai karatu zai yi mamakin jin cewa lambobin wayarsa da sakonnin da aka aiko masa ba a cikin manhajar “Contacts” ko “Message” suke ba, alhali su yake budowa don ganin lambobin ko sakonnin.  Lallai ba a ciki suke ba. Su wadannan manhajoji na “Contacts” da “Message” da kake latsawa don budowa, ba komai bane illa ‘yan aike.  Cikakken bayani na nan tafe kan hakikaninsu.

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