Tsarin Babbar Manhajar Android (5)

Broadcast Receivers

Sai kalmar “Broadcast Receivers,” wacce ke aiki da wani tsari na musamman mai suna “Push-Subscribe Mechanism.”  “Broadcast Receivers” tsari ne da aka gina kan babbar manhajar Android, wanda ke lura da aukuwar al’amura a waya, da kuma sanar da aukuwarsu, don baiwa wadanda ke da alhakin yin wani abu kan wannan lamari, damar yin abin da ya kamata.”  Wasu bayanai ne aka ajiye, suna kwance a cikin wayar, sai wani lamari ya faru suke farkawa, don sanar da aukuwar abin.  Ba tsari bane mai wahala.  Amma idan babu misali, zai yi wahala mai karatu ya fahimci tsarin.

Babban misali na kan manhajar sakonnin tes.  Idan aka turo maka sakon tes ya shigo cikin wayarka, a ka’ida ta asali, ya kamata kawai ka ga tes din ne, babu abin da zai fadakar da kai cewa wani sako ya shigo.  Amma ba haka lamarin yake ba a yanzu.  Idan tes ya shigo, ko dai kaji sautin shigowarsa ne, wanda ke fadakar da kai hakan, ko kuma kaji diri (wato “Vibrating”); ya danganci yadda ka tsara wayar.  Wannan diri ko sauti da ya fadakar da kai, duk ana kiransu “Broadcast Receivers,” wato “Masu karban sakon fadakarwa don su fadakar da mai waya.”  Haka idan wani ya kira layinka, a halin yanzu wayarka za ta fadakar da kai ne ta hanyar sauti (Ringing) ko ta hanyar diri (Vibrating) ko ta dukkan hanyoyin biyu (Vibrate then ring) ko kuma ta hanyar ganin sunan wanda ke kiranka a fuskar wayar, kai tsaye.  Wannan zai faru ne idan ka hana ta kara ko diri.  Ma’ana ka sanya ta a yanayin “Shiru” (Silence) kenan.  Wadannan hanyoyin fadakarwa na sauti da diri, duk ana kiransu “Broadcast Receivers” ne.  Wannan karin misali ne kan misalin farko.

A daya bangaren kuma, idan makamashin batirinka yayi kasa (Low Battery), a ka’ida za ka iya gane hakan ne kawai ta hanyar ganin tambarin batir dake fuskar wayarka yana raguwa daga sama zuwa kasa.  Amma a halin yanzu a zahiri lamarin bai tsaya a haka kadai ba.  Idan batir yayi kasa a yanzu nan take za ka ji wayar tana tsowa idan waya kake yi, alamar fadakarwa ce cewa: “Ka lura, batirinka ya kusa karewa.”  Haka idan batirin ya kusan zuwa karshe, ma’ana karancin ya kai makuran karanci, nan take wayar za ta shawarceka da ko dai ka sa ta a caji, ko kuma ka mayar da ita yanayin da za ta iya rayuwa cikin karancin makamashin da ta samu kanta.  Idan kaki, nan take da kanta za ta rage kaifin hasken dake shafinta, sannan ta kashe wasu manhajojin dake karkashin kasa wadanda ke cin makamashi, idan tafiya tayi nisa kuma baka sa ta a caji ba, nan take sai ta dauke; hasken ya dusashe.  Wadannan abubuwa da wayarka tayi, tsarin “Broadcast Receiver” ne suka sarrafata don aiwatar dasu.  Kana so ko ba ka so, dole sai haka ta faru.

Wannan tsari na “Broadcast Receiver” yana da ginshikai guda biyu dake tafiyar dashi.  Ginshiki na farko shi ne bangaren dake samar da tsarin fadakarwar.  Wannan bangare shi ake kira “Broadcasters.”  Shi ne tsarin da maginin manhajar ya tsofa a cikin wayar sadda yake gina manhajar.  Cewa, “A duk sadda sakon tes ya shigo, ki sanar da mai wayar ta hanyar sautin da mai wayar ya zaba don a fadakar dashi shigowar sakon tes.”  Wannan tsari yana gine ne a cikin manhajar wayar.  Mai wayar ba ya iya ganin tsarin, domin ba abu bane dake zahiri.  Sai bangare na biyu ko ginshiki na biyu, wanda ke karbar sakon fadakarwa don ya fadakar.  Wannan bangare shi ake kira “Receivers.”  Su ne manhajojin dake aikin fadakarwar.  Su ma an shigar musu da tsarin ne, cewa “Duk sadda kuka samu sako daga bangaren ‘Broadcasters’ to, ku yi abu kaza.”

Application Context

Wannan shi ne tsarin dake lura da mahallin masarrafai ko manhajar dake wayar salula; daga budewa zuwa rufewa.  Duk bayanan da suka gabata daga makon jiya zuwa bangaren farko na kasidar wannan mako, masu dauke da tsare-tsare irin su “Activity,” da “Intent,” da “Services,” da “Content Providers,” da kuma “Broadcast Receivers,” duk suna gudanuwa ne a cikin wani tsari mai kama da mazubi da ake kira “Application Context.”  A karkashin wannan tsari, mai waya ba ya iya komai; tsarin ne ke tafiyar da kansa.

Wadannan, su ne mahimman bangarorin da suka kamata mai karatu ya fahimce su kafin mu shiga bayani kan Sarkin Gida, wato tsarin “Activity Manager” kenan.  Kamar yadda muka sani ne, bangarorin babbar manhajar wayar salula suna kamaiya ne a tsakaninsu; wannan ya kama ya ba wannan; daga farkon tsari har karshe.  Kamar dai yadda bangarorin jikin dan adam ke gudanuwa.  A yanzu ga bayani kan tsarin “Activity Manager.”

 Activity Manager

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a baya, tsarin “Activity Manager” ne ke gudanar da dukkan abin da ke faruwa a wayar salula mai dauke da babbar manhajar Android.  Tsari ne mai kyau, mai cike da tsari, don inganta yanayin gudanuwar ayyukan kowace manhaja dake wayar.  Idan kana son sanin wani tsari kwatankwacin wannan, don karin fahimta, to ka dubi tsarin “Task Manager” dake tafiyar da manhajojin dake gudanuwa a babbar manhajar Windows na kamfanin Microsoft.

Asalin fahimtar da ta samar da tsarin “Activity Manager” na da alaka ce mai karfi da wacce ta samar da tsarin “Task Manager” na kwamfuta.  Sai dai akwai bambanci tsakanin tsarinsu.  A yayin da a manhajar Windows mai kwamfuta na iya sarrafawa da canza tsare-tsaren “Task Manager,” a fannin gina manhajar Android, mai wayar salula ba shi da kudira wajen iya gani ma, balle canza tsare-tsaren “Activity Manager.”  Idan mai karatu bai manta ba, a bangaren da nayi bayani kan “Manufar Gina Manhajar Android,” na nuna cewa daga manufofin akwai kokarin samar da sauki ga mai waya.  Wannan manufa ce take kokarin rage wa mai waya yawan katsalandan da zai iya yi kan babbar manhajar.  Sai aka kulle abubuwa da dama, wadanda bazai iya kaiwa gare su ba, balle ya iya sarrafa su ko canza su.  Ba don komai ba sai don ganin cewa wadannan tsare-tsare da aka hana shi kaiwa gare su, suna taimakawa wajen rage masa aiki ne, da kokarin samar masa da sauki wajen mu’amala da manhajojin da yake amfani dasu.

Kari a kan haka, tsarin “Activity Manager” ya fi inganci wajen tafiyar da manhaja, domin ya dauke wa mai waya alhakin ayyukan ne gaba daya.  Wannan ke nuna wayar ba za ta samu matsala ba, domin tsarin da yake gundanar da ita, shi ne ke lura da ita har wa yau.  Masana a fannin Android sun ba da misali da mota mai dauke da tsarin giya dake sarrafa kansa, wato “Automatic Transmission System.”  Injinta ya fi karko idan ka hada ta da injin wacce mai motar ne ke sanya giya da kansa, wato “Manual Gear System”; a duk lokacin da ya ga dama.