Dokar Hana Yaduwar Makamin Nukiliya a Duniya

Dokar Hana Yaduwar Makamin Nukiliya

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, da kuma abin da ya biyo bayan yakin na cacan-baki tsakanin kasar Amurka da Rasha, wanda sanadiyyar hakan suka shiga rige-rigen kerawa da kuma taskance dukkan nau’in wannan makami mai matukar hadari, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bata samu natsuwa ba da wannan sabon salo.  Wannan tasa nan take ta kafa hukuma ta musamman, wacce aka dora wa alhakin lura da yaduwar wannan makami a ko ina yake a duniya.  Wannan hukuma, mai suna International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) – Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya – an kafa ta ne cikin shekarar 1957.  Babban kalubalen da wannan hukuma ta fara fuskanta shi ne kaddamar da bincike na musamman don gano yawa da kuma nau’ukan da kowace kasa ta mallaka, tsakanin kasar Amurka da Rasha.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tace kafa wannan hukuma ya zama dole, idan aka yi la’akari da munanan tasirin wannan makami wajen salwantar da rayuka da kuma muhalli.   Babban misali shi ne abin da ya faru ga kasar Jafan lokacin yakin duniya na biyu; lokacin da kasar Amurka tai mata kaca-kaca – babban abin da ya durkusar da kasar gaba daya a wancan lokaci.  Dalili na biyu kuma shi ne, ta la’akari da sabon nau’in wannan makami, wato Hydrogen Bomb, wanda ya shallake nau’in Atomic Bomb wajen barna da yada munanan tasirinsa ga muhalli, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tace muddin aka sake wasu kasashe biyu (musamman Rasha da Amurka) suka barke da yaki, to duniyar ma ana ganin baza ta zaunu ba, domin tasirin wannan makami na iya darkake dukkan kasashen da ke makwabtaka da su, har abin ya shafi kowace kasa.

A karo na karshe, hukumar ta kara kaimi wajen aikinta musamman tun bayan harin da aka kai wa kasar Amurka, wanda ya darkake babban cibiyar kasuwancin duniya, cikin shekarar 2001.  Ta ce hakan ya zama dole, don tabbatar da cewa kungiyoyi irin su Al-Qa’ida basu mallaki wannan makami ba a hannunsu.  Domin hakan na iya zama babban hadari ga duniya, a cewar hukumar.  Don  a yayin da ake iya yin himma wajen kare kai daga harin da wata kasa ke iya kawowa, su ire-iren wadannan kungiyoyi ba a ganinsu, babu wanda ya san inda suke, ba wanda ya san ta jihar da zasu jefo –  a wani lokaci, da wani irin nau’i zasu yi amfani?  Haka idan suka kawo wa wata kasa hari, ba yadda za a yi kasar ta iya ramawa, domin basu da kasa tasu ta kansu, kuma basu takaita da wani bigire ba!   Wadannan, inji hukumar, na cikin manyan dalilan da suka sa aikinta ke da matukar muhimmanci, musamman a wannan zamani da muke ciki.

Manyan aiyukan wannan hukuma dai su ne, hana yaduwar wannan makami na nukiliya gaba daya musamman ga kasashen da basu mallaki makamin ko ba, da kuma tabbatar da cewa wadanda suka mallaka tun farkon lamari, sun bata nasu makaman gaba daya.  Babban magana!  Haka kuma, Hukumar na da hakkin shiga dukkan kasar da ta rattafa hannunta kan wannan yarjejeniya, don aiwatar da bincike kan wannan makami.  Babu ruwanta da kasashen da basu sanya hannu ba kan yarjejeniyar.  Na biyu kuma shi ne lura da kuma habaka yaduwar makamashin nukiliya a duniya (bayani na nan tafe kan wannan).  Domin sinadaran kimiyyar da ake sana’anta makamin nukiliya dasu ba wai makami kadai ake iya yi dasu ba, a a, su kansu makamashi ne na musamman wajen samar da wutar lantarki.  To, aikin wannan hukuma shi ne ta taimaka wajen samar da wannan makamashi ga dukkan kasar da ke so.  Wadannan, su ne manyan aiyukan wannan hukuma.

Ana kafa wannan kungiya, sai kasar Amurka da Rasha suka sasanta a tsakaninsu, inda suka kulla yarjejeniyar cewa baza su kara kera wasu makaman ba, kuma zasu ci gaba da kokarin ganin cewa sun rage yawan makamin da suka mallaka.  Haka nan, sun yi yarjejeniya cewa duk wata kasa da za ta yi gwajin makaminta na nukiliya, to dole ne tayi shi ta karkashin kasa, ba a doron duniyarmu ba.  Sun yi wannan yarjejeniya ne cikin shekarar 1963, kuma ita ce yarjejeniyar da suke kira Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTB).  Manufar wannan shi ne don hana gurbata muhalli, sanadiyyar tasirin sinadaran wannan makami na nukiliya. Ana shiga shekarar 1970, sai Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA) ta fito da yarjejeniyar hana yaduwar makamin nukiliya a duniya gaba daya.  Wannan yarjejeniya ita ake kira Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).  Hana yaduwa na nufin hana kerawa da kuma yada shi ko raba shi ga wasu kasashe.  Amma har zuwa shekarar 1995, dokar hana gwajin makami  a doron kasa ce ke aiki kadai.  Duk wacce ke son yin gwaji, dole ne ta yi gwajin cikin karkashin kasa.  Ana shiga shekarar 1996 sai wannan hukuma ta haramta gwajin makamin nukiliya ma gaba daya.  Domin hakan, a cewarta, ita ce hanya mafi sauki wajen hana yaduwar makamin a duniya; tunda sai an yi gwaji ake gane tasirin makamin.   Zuwa yanzu akwai kasashe dari da talatin da suka rattafa hannunsu kan wannan yarjejeniya ta hana yaduwar wannan makami a duniya.

Hukumar na da hedikwata a birnin Biyenna da ke kasar Awstiriya, cikin Turari kenan.  Ya zuwa yanzu, ta bata ko kuma taimaka wajen bata cibiyoyin bincike da kera makamin nukiya a duniya a kasashe dabam-daban.  Wasu cikin kasashen sun hada da kasar Afirka ta Kudu, da kasar Libiya da kasar Iraki, bayan yakin Golf, don hana tsohon shugaba Saddam Hussein kera wannan makami, a cewar hukumar.  A yanzu dai shugaban wannan hukuma shi ne Mohammad El-Baradai, wani masanin fasahar nukiliya a duniya, dan kasar Masar.   Bayan ya shugabanci wannan hukuma sau biyu, a karo na uku kasar Amurka bata so ya zarce ba, saboda yaki yarda da rade-radin da take na cewa lallai sai an kai wa kasar Iraki hari don bata abin da ta kira kerawa da kuma taskance kamamin kare-dangi da tsohon shugaba Saddam Hussein ke yi, cikin shekarar 2003.  El-Baradai bai goyi bayan wannan ikirari nata mara asali ba, wannan tasa kasar Amurka taki goyon bayansa.  Amma a karshe dai ta lura cewa dukkan sauran kasashe na sam-barka da shugabancinsa, a dole ta goya masa baya ya zarce a matsayin shugaban wannan hukuma a karo na uku.  Wannan ya faru ne cikin shekarar 2005.  Ana sa ran saukarsa cikin shekarar 2010 kenan.

Har wa yau, wasu kasashe ko nahiyoyin duniya sun kulla yarjejeniyoyin hana yaduwar wannan makami a tsakaninsu, bayan yarjejeniyar asali da wannan hukuma ta assasa kenan.  Ire-iren wadannan kasashe ko nahiyoyi ana kiransu Nuclear Free Zone a turance.  Daga cikinsu akwai wanda kasashen nahiyar Amurka (Latin America) suka kulla a tsakaninsu, cikin shekarar 1967.  Wannan yarjejeniya suna kiran ta Tlatelolco Treaty, kuma ita ce ta haramta yada dukkan wani abu mai alaka da makamin nukiliya a wannan nahiya gaba daya.  Sai kuma wacce kasashen  Afirka suka kulla mai suna Treaty of Pelindaba, wacce ita ma ta hana, tare da haramta kerawa  ko yada makamin nukiliya a tsakanin kasashen Afirka.  An kulla wannan yarjejeniya ne cikin shekarar 1964.  A shekarar 1996 kuma, sai babban kotun duniya da ke kasar Nedalan, wato International Court of Justice (ICJ), ta aiyana cewa yin amfani da makamin nukiliya wajen kerawa ko yada shi, ya saba wa dukkan dokokin Majalisar Duniya, da Babban Yarjejeniyar Janeba (The Geneva Convention), da Yarjejeniyar Heg da kuma manyan Dokokin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (Universal Human Rights).