Kimiyyar Sararin Samaniya a Sawwake (4)

A yanzu dai ga wasu daga cikin gudunmawar da Malaman Musulunci suka bayar wajen habaka fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya a duniya:

Sun tsarkake fannin ilmin taurari, wanda a baya yake cike da miyagun akidun Girkawa. Sannan suka samar wa duniya wata sabuwar mahanga a fannin ilmin lissafi.  Su suka kirkiro fannin al-jabru (Algebra), su suka samar da sifili (duk da cewa Indiyawa ne suka kirkiri wannan alama, amma Malaman Musulunci ne suka fara amfani da shi wajen lissafi).

Babban ci gaban da suka samar a fannin ilmin Sararin Samaniya shi ne ilmin sarrafa haske (Optics Science) wanda Ibn al-Haitham ya bullo da shi a shekarar 1039 miladiyya. Kuma wannan kokari da yayi ne ya bayar da daman kirkirar na’urar hangen nesa, wato su suka kirkiri gilashin sarrafa launuka cikin haske, wato Prismatic Glass, wanda a karshe bayan bincike ya ci gaba, aka yi amfani da shi wajen kirkiro na’urar gano bigire da tsarin taurari a sararin samaniya, don ci gaba da bincike kansu.

Sun kirkiro agogon karfe (Pendulum) don kidayan lokaci, wanda ke nuna lokaci fiye da agogon yashi da Larabawa suka yi amfani da shi a baya. Wannan kokari ne kuma ya zaburar da masana wajen kirkirar agogon zamani, da kuma bai wa lokaci wani matsayi na musamman a fannin ilmin Sararin Samaniya.  Bayan haka, Al-Khawaarizmi ne ya kirkiri Jadawalin Gano Bigiren Halittun Sasannin Sama, wato Table of Calculating the Positions of Heavenly Bodies.

Cikin shekarar 772 miladiyya ne Muhammad Ali Ibn Musa al-Astrolabi, tare da wasu masana, suka kirkiro Na’urar Lissafin Sasannin Kasa da Kusurwowinta (Latitude and Longitude), tare da gano lissafin tazara da bigiren da rana da wata da taurari suke.

Malaman Musulunci ne suka kirkiri Na’urar Gano Jihohin Duniya, wato Magnetic Compass (Al-Faruqi, 1986:330).

Shaikhul Islam Ahmad Ibn Taimiyyah ne, kamar yadda Sheikh Ibn Uthaimeen ya ruwaito daga gare shi, ya tabbatar da cewa husufin wata kan auku ne cikin daren 14 ga wata, kusufin rana kuma kan auku a daren 29 ko 30 cikin watanni, kamar yadda ya rubuta cikin littafinsa.

BABI NA BIYU

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Wata Mahanga Mai Fadi

Sai bayan da na shiga Sakandare ne na dada fahimtar hakikanin bambancin da ke tsakanin Ilmin Taurari (Astrology) da Ilmin Sararin Samaniya (Astronomy).  Hakan kuwa ya faru ne daga lokacin da Malam Ali, wato malamin da ke karantar da mu fannin Ilmin Kasa (Geography) ya fara karantar da mu.  Watarana muna zaune a aji, sai Malam Ali ya shigo, ya sa hannu cikin jakarsa ya fita mana da wata jarida, sannan ya fara, “A yau za mu yi bakuwa,” sai ya dan yi shiru, sannan ya ci gaba da cewa, “Tauraruwar Halley mai wutsiya za ta ziyarci sararin samaniyar wannan duniya ta mu.”  “Me ake nufi kuma da Tauraruwa mai Wutsiya?” wani daga cikin dalibai ya tambaya.  Daga nan sai Malam ya fara bayani.  Ya ce akwai wasu buraguzai da ke shawagi a sararin samaniya, wadanda kuma da a ce za a tara su wuri daya, za su iya zama duniya guda mai zaman kanta.  To amma saboda nisan su da juna, ba za su iya haduwa su zama wata duniya ba, sai dai su ta yawo a tsakanin wasu duniyoyin; suna shawagi. Ire-iren wadannan buraguzai dai suna dauke ne da shara mai cakude da kasa, da buraguzan kankara, da wasu karikitai.  Wannan shi ake kira Tauraruwa Mai Wutsiya (saboda tana dauke ne da wata yular wuta a bayanta mai tsawo, wanda ke samuwa a duk sa’adda ta yi shawagi a kusa da rana, sau daya cikin kowane shekaru saba’in da bakwai).  Malam ya ce Tauraruwar Halley mai Wutsiya ba ita ce ta farko da ta fara kawo wa wannan duniya tamu ziyara ba, ya ce akwai wasu da yawa da suka ziyarce ta, irinsu Tauraruwar Cahautek mai Wutsiya wacce ta ziyarci duniyarmu cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1974.

Malam bai tsaya a nan kadai ba, sai ya ci gaba da bayanin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin duniyoyi (planets), da buraguzan duwatsu masu shawagi a falakin rana (asteroids), da taurari masu wutsiyar yular wuta (comets), da kuma buraguzan duwatsu masu fetso wuta a duk sa’adda suka fado cikin falakin wannan duniya ta mu (meteors).  Inda ya ci gaba da cewa, “Ina fatan dai kowa ya san duniyoyin nan guda tara (nine planets): da Makyuri, da Benus, da Duniya, da Mas, da Jufita, da Satun, da Yuranus, da Neftun, da kuma Fuluto.”  Daga nan sai wani cikin dalibai ya tambaya, “Malam, shi kuma Wata fa?  Ban ji ka ambace shi ba.”  Sai Malam ya ce, “Na sha gaya muku cewa shi Wata wani tauraro ne na musamman da aka halicce shi don ya rika hasko sararin wannan duniya tamu, sannan kowace duniya tana da nata tauraron da ya dace da yanayinta.  Wasu ma taurarin nasu sun fi guda daya.  Kai a takaice ma dai, akwai a kalla taurari guda sittin da daya a tsarin duniyoyin da ke sararin samaniya.”  Dangane da buraguzan duwatsu masu shawagi a falakin rana (asteroids) kuma, Malam Ali ya ce akwai wasu ‘yan kananan buraguzan sararin samaniya masu yin shawagi a falakin rana, tsakanin falakin duniyar Mas, da na Jufita.  Kananan buraguzan da ke ballowa daga jikin wadannan buraguzan duwatsu ne kan fado cikin falakin duniyarmu, dauke da wuta, kuma su ake kira “Meteorites” a harshen Ilmin Sararin Samaniya.  Kai a takaice ma dai, da akwai buraguzai da yawa masu shawagi a sararin samaniya, wadanda babu wanda ya san daga inda suke fitowa, balle inda suka nufa.  Ba komai ya kawo haka ba sai don ire-iren wadannan buraguzai ba su da takamammen lokacin da suke yin shawagi.  A daya bangaren kuma, manya daga cikin wadannan buraguzai ne kadai ke yin shawagi a falakin rana.

Malam Ali ya sanar da mu cewa buraguzan da ke fadowa cikin falakin duniyarmu dai sun kasu kashi-kashi ne: akwai masu sifar duwatsu, da masu sifar duwatsu cakude da karfe, da kuma nau’in karfe zalla.  Ya ce a duk shekara a kan samu buraguzai sama da dari biyar masu afkowa cikin falakin wannan duniya ta mu.  Da Malam ya fahimci kamar mun fara shakka da mamaki kan abin da yake gaya mana, sai ya fara lissafa mana wuraren da ire-iren wadannan buraguzai suka fado.  Ya ambaci nahirar Ostiraliya, da nahiyar Turai ta Tsakiya, da ma wasu wurare masu yawa.  Amma duk da haka, sai da wani daga cikin dalibai ya dage sai an gaya masa lokacin da ire-iren wadannan abubuwa suka faru.  Cikin hakuri da juriya Malam Ali ya ce, “A nan kasar Gana makwabtarka ma abin ya taba faruwa.  Sannan kuma ga wawakeken ramin da ya shahara a garin Zhamanshin ta kasar Kazhastan (Zhamanshin Crater), mai zurfin kilomita gama sha biyar, shi ma wani buraguzan sararin samaniya ne ya samar da shi wajen shekaru kusan miliyan daya da suka gabata kenan yanzu.”  Nan take ya fara neman alli don ya kwatanta mana wannan al’amari a allon rubutu.  Ai sai duk muka barke da dariya, don duk cikinmu babu wanda ya fahimci inda ya dosa da bayaninsa.

Bayan wani lokaci mai tsawo sannan muka fahimtar wadannan bayanai na Malam Ali kan buraguzan sararin samaniya da ke afkowa cikin sararin wannan duniya ta mu. Taurari masu yular wuta da muke gani suna cillawa cikin dare a nahiyarmu ta Afirka, duk ire-iren wadannan buraguzai ne masu shawagi a sararin sama.

Ni kaina na taba yin dacen ganin wani buraguzan sararin samaniya nau’in dutse mai cakude da karfe, wanda ya taba fadowa a garin Jingir da ke jihar Filaton Najeriya, shekaru sittin da suka gabata.  Lokacin da ya fado a kan wata bishiya, nan take ya raba ta biyu, ya shige can cikin karkashin kasa.  Sai bayan wani lokaci mutanen garin suka hako shi.  Wani nau’in dutse ne mai inganci, wanda mutanen garin suka yi imanin cewa yana da wata tasiri wajen warkar da cututtuka.

Suka ce idan aka jika wannan dutse, ko aka jefa shi cikin randa, yakan sa ruwan yayi sanyi.  Suna kuma riya cewa wannan dutse na fadowa ne daga tsawa, ko “gatarin aradu”, kamar yadda suke kiranshi.  Amma ni kam ban yarda da wannan ra’ayi ba.  Al’amari makamancin wannan ya taba faruwa a jihar Jigawa cikin shekarar 2005.  Duk da cewa ya zuwa yanzu babu wanda zai iya sanin inda wannan dutse ya fada, amma an ji kara da hargagin fadowarsa a wurare da yawa lokacin da abin ya faru.  Shahararren Farfesan Ilmin Kasan nan, wato Marigayi Farfesa Ahmadu Abdulkadir da yayi zamani a jami’ar Bayero a Kano, ya tabbatar da cewa bargacen dutsen da ke shawagi a sararin wannan duniya ta mu (meteor) ne ya fado.  Al’amarin da ya faru na baya-bayan nan shi ne wanda ya fado a wani kauye a jihar Sakkwato, cikin shekarar 2008.