Tsari Da Gudanuwar Na’urar “Black Box” (2)

Kasar Faransa

Wani abu mai kama da na’urar “Black Box” ya fara samo asali ne daga kasar Faransa, cikin shekarar 1939.  Francoise Hussenot da Paul Beaudouin injiniyoyi ne dake aiki a Cibiyar Gwajin Jirgin Sama dake garin Marignane a kasar Faransa.  Cikin wannan shekara suka samar da wata na’ura mai suna: “Type HB”, wanda na’ura ce dake amfani da siginar auna gudu da nisan jirgi a sama (Speed and Altitude), don daukan hotunan abin da ke faruwa da jirgin.  Wannan na’ura dai kamar kemarar daukan hoto take (Still Image Camera).

Zuwa shekarar 1941 aka kera wannan na’ura mai suna “Type HB” guda 25.  Daga nan aka ci gaba da amfani dasu a jiragen gwaji a cibiyar Gwajin Jiragen Sama na kasar Faransa, inda suke aiki kenan.  Zuwa shekarar 1947, wato shekaryu shida bayan kera su kenan, sai wadannan injiniyoyi suka samar da wata Kungiya mai suna: “Societe Francaise des Intruments de Mesure,” ta hadin gwiwa da wani abokin aikinsu.  Suka zama su huku kenan.  Babbar manufar samar da wannan kungiya ko kamfani kuwa ita ce, don tallata wannan sabuwar haja tasu, zuwa ga masu bukata.  Daga nan suka kayatar da na’urar, suka canza mata suna zuwa: “HUSSENOGRAPH” daga “Type HB.”

Daga cikin abubuwan da suka kara na tagomashi shi ne, ana iya amfani da na’urar a jirgin kasa, ba wai sai lale a jirgin sama kadai ba.  Sannan idan wannan na’ura ta dauki hotuna kan abubuwan da ta taskance, ba a bukatar wata na’ura na musamman don ciro bayanan ko tantance su; a a, nan take ana iya buga (print) su kamar yadda ake fitar da hotuna daga kwarangwal din fim na daukan hoto.

Sai dai, a daya bangaren kuma, dole ne idan na’urar ta dauki hotuna fim dinta ya cike, sai dai a cire a sa mata sabo; ba a iya kwafan abin da ta dauka a goge fim din don daukan wani, sabanin na zamanin yau.  Sannan ba a iya amfani dasu a jiragen fasinja, sai jiragen gwamnati ko jiragen da ake gwajinsu.  Wannan, a bangaren kasar Faransa kenan.

Kasar Burtaniya

Na’ura mai kama da na’urar “Black Box” ta fara samuwa a kasar Burtaniya ne lokacin Yakin Duniya na biyu (WW II).  Lokacin ne aka samu wasu injiniyoyi guda biyu suka kirkiri wata na’ura mai iya taskance bayanai a jirgin sama, ta amfani da bawon sinadarin karfe nau’in “copper,” wanda ke dauke da zanen maballan da ake baiwa jirgi umarni dasu a yayin tuki.  Wannan na’ura, bayan karfin iya tantance bayanai, tana iya jure zafin wuta, ko da jirgin dake dauke da ita ya kama da wuta bayan faduwa, sannan duk yadda jirgi ya kai da faduwa daga nisan inda ya doso daga sama, na’urar na iya jure fashewa ko karyewa ko lankwashewa.

Wannan ita ce na’urar da tafi kama da hakikanin na’urar “Flight Data Recorder” irin na zamanin yau.  Ko ince, daga wannan na’ura ne aka samo asalin kyale-kyale da kintsin da na’urar “Flight Data Recorder” na zamani take dauke dashi.  Injiniyoyi biyu da suka kera wannan na’ura dai su ne: Injiniya Len Harrison da Vic Husband, a cibiyar lura da jiragen sama na kasar Burtaniya, wanda hukumar kera jiragen sama na kasar, wato: “Ministry of Aircraft Production” ke lura da ita.

Bayan an gama yakin duniya na biyu, hukumar kera jiragen sama na kasar Burtaniya ta baiwa wadannan injiniyoyi biyu dama, inda suka rattafa hannunsu kan dokar hakkin mallakar wannan fasaha da na’urar da fasahar ta samar, a karshe ta zama tasu ce.

Kasar Finland

A kasar Finland ma lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ne aka samu yunkuri makamancin wancan.  Injiniya Veijo Hietela ya kirkiri wata na’ura mai suna: “MATA HARI,” wacce a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ta taimaka wa sojojin kasar Finland wajen taskance bayanai na abin da ke faruwa a cikin jiragen yakin da suke amfani dasu.  Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, bincike bai ci gaba ba wajen inganta na’urar.  A karshe dai an ajiye ta ne a gidan tarihin kasar dake birnin Tampere.

Kasar Ostiraliya

A shekarar 1954 Injiniya David Warren ya rubuta wata kasida mai dauke da binciken ilimi kan na’urar taskance bayanai a jirgin sama.  Wannan shahararriyar kasida wacce ya sanya wa take: “A Device for Assisting Investigation Into Aircraft Accidents,” ta yi tsokaci ne mai zurfi kan bukatar samar da wata na’ura na musamman wacce za ta rika taimakawa wajen aiwatar da bincike kan musabbabin hadarurrukan jiragen sama.

Shekaru uku bayan rubuta wannan kasida (1957), sai Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyyar sararin samaniya na kasar, wato “Aeronautical Research Laboratory” ta bukaci ya rairaye wannan kasida nashi, don samar da abin da yake ganin ya dace.  Wannan ne ya kai shi ga samar da wani tsari a rubuce (Scientific Model), wanda ya samar da na’ura mai suna: “The ARL Flight Memory Unit.”  Ana shiga shekarar 1958 sai Sakataren hukumar lura da jiragen sama na kasar Ingila da Ostraliya mai suna Sir Robert Harndingham ya kawo ziyara birnin Melbourne, inda aka hada shi da Injiniya Warren, ya masa bayanin abin da yake hange.  Nan take yace a samo gungun masana a hada su da Warren, don aiwatar da wannan tunani nashi a aikace.

Bayan sun dauki lokaci suna nazari da tattaunawa irin na masana, a karshe sun kera wata na’ura mai iya jure zafin wuta, wacce ke iya taskance bayanai, da murya, da kuma na’ura ta musamman wacce aikinta ne sarrafa bayanan da wancan na’urar ta taskance, don fitar dasu a yanayin da za a iya amfani dasu.  Nan take kamfanin kera na’urori mai suna “Davall & Sons” ya inganta wannan na’ura, inda a karshe aka sa mata suna: “RED EGG,” saboda kamaiceceniyarta da surar kwai.

A shekarar 1965 sai aka sake kayatar da wannan na’ura, kuma aka sauya mata mazauni (daga dakin matukin jirgi) zuwa wutsiyar jirgin, don ba ta cikakkiyar kariya daga hadarurrukan da jirgi ka iya samu.  Tun daga wannan lokaci aka canza wa wannan na’ura wurin zama, daga gaban jirgi zuwa baya ko wutsiyar jirgin, don tabbatar mata da cikakken kariya a duniya baki daya.

Kasar Amurka

A kasar Amurka kuma, duk da cewa akwai hobbasa da wasu masana suka yi tun shekarar 1931 don samar da wannan na’ura, sai dai hakan bai fito fili ba sai cikin shekarar 1961, lokacin da Injiniya Edmund Boniface ya kirkiri na’urar taskance murya zalla, ta farko, wato: “Cockpit Sound Recorder.”  Ba wai samar da wannan na’ura kadai yayi ba, ya inganta ta ta yadda matukin jirgi zai iya goge bayanan da na’urar ta nado, bayan saukarsa lafiya.  Sannan bayan murya ko zancen matukin jirgi, wannan na’ura tana iya taskance sauti da kara ko fashewar wani abu a cikin jirgin, a yayin da ake tafiya.

Wannan tunani na Injiniya Edmund ya samo asali ne bayan shekaru da ya kwashe cikin kwamitoci da dama da aka yi ta kafawa don aiwatar da bincike kan hadarurrukan jiragen sama a kasar Amurka.  Kasancewar babu wani abin dogaro dake taimaka wa masu bincike gano “hakikanin” abin da ya faru, ya ga dacewar samar da wata na’ura ta musamman da za ta rika taskance bayanan abubuwan dake faruwa a yayin da jirage ke tafiya zai dace.  Tun shekarar 1941 yake cikin masu bincike.  Don haka, duk da cewa akwai na’urorin taskance bayanai a wancan lokaci, amma a cike suke da nakasa. Shi yasa ya samar da wani abu sabo.

A halin yanzu dai, kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata, an hade wadannan nau’ukan na’urori masu taskance bayanai zuwa wuri daya, a matsayin na’ura daya, wacce ake kira: “Flight Data Recorder.”

Zan ci gaba in Allah yaso.